RESEARCH REPORT (DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)

hello everybody, this is a report of journal that made me interest to make new journal. the field is Media Discourse Studies. please click link below:

RESEARCH REPORT

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: PIDGINS AND CREOLES

PIDGINS AND CREOLES

Pidgins language is nobody's native language. it may arise when two speakers of different languages with no common language try to hold a conversation. a pidgin is a language developed by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.

Pidgins used in certain situation. Such as trade, colonisiation. Because of the different language they make a new language to understand each others.

Pidgins consist by simple word or language.

Creoles is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, i.e. a community of speakers claims it as their first language.

Questions and answers:

1.      Give more explanation about creoles and example?

Answer: Creoles may not always develop out of pidgins but through the mixing of two or more languages over generations. If there are always native speakers in this situation, then there was never a pidgin. For ex: papua nugini language

2.      What is the benefits we learn pidgins and creoles?

Answer: if we learn it, we know about any varieties in our social. We can exploring our knowledge and get new language and where it comes from.

3.      What is the relationship between pidgins, creoles and sociolinguistics?

Answer: The relation between pidgins, creoles and sociolinguistics can illustrate by these example:

Pidgin that used in certain situation. Such as salesman from indonesia and stranger from england.Each them cannot understand language each other so salesman say the simple word to sales, like:

Peri chip (very cheap)

Pip            (five)

Tosen       (thousand)

Creoles that used as mother tongue.  It formed by pidgins. For example, from the salesman teach that children the new language such as we can see in papua nugini, ambon, or manado that come from pidgins it self. So, from the example above, we can see pidgins and creoles have relation to sociolingusitic because it also the social of language.

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE DIALECT AND VARIETIES

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE DIALECT AND VARIETIES

The existence of language can’t be separated from human life. It can be seen from the fact that all activities related to interaction among people necessitate a language.

Language is an important means of communication. Language reflects thinking; obviously we can’t say a sentence until we have first thought of it. Often our thinking gets mixed with emotions and our reasons become loaded with desires, wishes, prejudices, and opinions. The kind of thinking we do is our business until we try to persuade someone else to agree to our point of view; then that thinking becomes another’s business (Meade, et.al, 1961: 94).

Language divided into two: dialect and accent.

Edward (2009) define dialect as a variety of a language that differs from others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent) Because they are forms of the same language.

Accent is a special element of a dialect that include pronounciation. For example, someone from Leeds, in the north of England, would typically pronounce ‘bath’ with the short ‘a’ of ‘cat’, whereas someone from Oxford, in the south of England, would typically pronounce ‘bath’ with the long ‘a’ of ‘father’.

Then, dialect divided into two:

1.    Regional dialect: Certain differences from geographical area one to another in pronunciation, in the selecting and constructing of words, and in syntax of a language such distinctive varieties of local variety are called regional dialects (Wardhough, 2006).

2.    Social dialect: Social dialect is difference speech associate with various social groups. Social dialects create among social groups and are related to a variety of factors such as social class, religion, and ethnicity.

Question:

1.       Why social background and geographical background important in this materi?

Answer: because language that was we thought from baby-  until now its come from geographical. If we are born in west sumatera. Automatically we can speak minangness. and it can be our social background because if we are not minangness but we lived in minangness, so that a person can have two language from social or geographical background.

2.       How can language changes to be different language?

Answer: as we know there is no two speaker of a language can speak in the same way. So, language may change to region to region, social status to social status, individu to individu and from situation to situation. That is the actual result of variation of language.

3.       What example of regional and social dialect?

Answer:  we can see the example around us, especially in indonesia.

In regional dialect. For example: malay language, minang language, batak language, medan language.

In social dialect. For example: teacher-students, parents-children, manager-staff.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC (1)

Introduction Sociolinguistics

SUMMARY

Sociolinguists is the study of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics describes language in society, especially the differences or variations that someone does in using language. There are  two type of  Sociolinguistic:

-     Sociolinguistics: It’s main focus is “Society on Language”.that means formal language that is use depend on place or situation such as when students and the teacher at a class, they know to use polite language.

-     Sociology of Language: It’s main focus is “Languages effects on society”. It is the effect of society language. Time by time language has changes style, accent and etc. Such as  bahasa alay,gaul or slang)

Main Concepts in sociolinguistics

1.   Standard Language

It refers to mode of usage of most educated speakers of a language and established as the prestigious form of that language.

2)      Non Standard Language

It differs from Standard English at the level of grammar ( it does not follow the grammar or pronunciation rules of standard language ).

3)      Accent

It is a pattern or manner of pronunciation. Indonesia have many variation such as minangness, malayness, batakness, javaness. Each of them has different accent to speak. That is importan to us to know about their language. So, there is no compliment if happen miscommunication.

4)      Dialect

Dialect can be defined as standard language in business, education, and media.

5)      Jargon

Jargon is defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. Jargon: the language used by people who work in a particular area .for instance, the language used in a given profession (medical jargon, nautical jargon, etc.)

6)      Slang

It refers to the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. such as "passed away" for "died” .

QUESTION

1.      Why dialect and accent come in sociolinguistics?

Answer: because sociolinguistic is study language in society. For that, we identified language that spoken by someone to analyze. Who is she/he? Javaness or minangness, etc. And also in the other context such as the differences between educate peole or not educate people. So, that way dialect and accent as a main factor to sociolinguistic.

2.      Example of sociolinguistic and sociology of language?

Sociolinguistic:

A: hello mira, how are you? Do you have finished the task from mr. Harry?

B: hello too jeny, i’m fine, and you? yes, i have done .

Sociology of language:

A: Gerald, your shoes is KAM-SE-UPAY

B:  Iyuh, look your hair like a porcupine

From these example we assume that sociolinguistic is a formal between people that has standart norm. And sociology of language that refers to effect of new style in this modern era and usually its not formal.

3.      Perbedaan accent dan dialect?

Answer:

accents associated with sound (pronunciation, 'song', pressure, 'how to take', tempo etc.) and dialects include accents + vocabulary + grammatical patterns.So, if between Indonesian people speak English and English / Americans / Australians speak English 'sounds different', it is a matter of accent (same as when there is a bule ngomong Indonesia that feels different if if people speak Indonesian).

While the following is more a matter of dialect,

Bagaimana ini? (bahasa Indonesia standar)

Macam mana? (dialek Sumatra Utara)

Gimana, sih? (dialek Jakarta)

Gimana, to? (dialek Jawa Tengah)

           

Additional about Collocation and Semantics

What is collocation ?
Collocation is two or more words often go together.

Why learn collocation?
By using collocation will improve your style of written and spoken english by learning correct word combination.

Who the expert of collocation?
- Saifullah Kamalie
- Book/Research : Arabic Collocation and The Problem of their translation into Malay Language

What are the latest paper of collocation?
1.      Paul Baker
From: Lancaster University,UK
Research/Journal: The shapes of Collocation, 2016

2.      Eser Ordem and Erdogan Bada
From: Cukurova University, Turkey
Research/Journal: Lexical Collocation (verb+noun) across written academic genres in English.

Why do we learn semantics?
By learning semantic we can get so many benefits. Because it is one of linguistic study to get meaning from language. For example:
1.      It is made us easy to choose and used words with exactly meaning.
2.      When we talking with common people or someone we know which words that they understood.
3.      In semantics, we know how to acquire the meaning in the social contact with the kind or style of language.
4.      Also, there are some branches in semantics such as euphemism that used to softening our language, collocation that used to combine the correct word and so many branches semantics have different functions. So you have richer ways of expressing yourself.

File Download Journals:

Paul Baker, The shapes of Collocation

Lexical Collocation Journal

COLLOCATION

Hello Everybody...

Well, in this beautiful morning, I am going to sharing knowledge about one of type semantics. That is COLLOCATION.

Make sure after this you will understand about it. Please listen carefully.

You know guys that COLLOCATION can be used to thesis.  Like this:

The Title : DEVELOPING COLLOCATIONAL AWARENESS

BY           : GÜLAY KOÇ

From     : Department of Teaching English as a foreign language, Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey.

Publish on July 2006

Background of the study:

collocations have been researched from various aspects. However, only a few researchers have attempted to develop insights towards the needs of learners and practitioners in EFL classroom settings. The focus of this study is on explicitly raising students’consciousness towards collocations, and providing learners with different techniques for the retention of these word combinations.

Research Questions:

This study will address the following questions:

1.       To what extent does explicit instruction of vocabulary in collocations with different techniques develop collocational awareness in students?

2.        Does explicit instruction of vocabulary in collocations, using different techniques, have any enhancing effects on retention of vocabulary?

METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted with the participation of eight intact classrooms with 160 EFL students of upper intermediate proficiency level who were enrolled in the preparatory program at Ankara University School of Foreign Languages, which is an intensive English language program preparing students for their further university studies. Regular course teachers of the eight classrooms, who had at least four yearexperience with the same proficiency level students, also participated in the study to teach in three treatment sessions and administer the pre- and post-test.

Conclusion

This study has revealed that explicit instruction of vocabulary in collocations with different techniques develops awareness in students towards collocations to the extent that they can recognize collocations and categorize them, ask questions related to collocations, find collocates for the headwords in the texts they encounter in their actual courses, as well as finding collocates for the headwords in these texts to expand their vocabulary. It has also showed that students, when taught vocabulary in collocations, retain more words than they do when they are taught vocabulary as isolated items. Additionally, in this study, the three techniques used in the treatment session were compared and the translation technique was found more effective that is, the words taught with translation technique were retained better than those taught with dictaglossing and error correction with concordancing extracts.

Result :

Ternyata untuk siswa tersebut, collocation lebih efektif dengan mengajarkan kata-katanya dengan teknik penerjemahan daripada ceramah dan koneksi yang tidak nyambung dengan pemaksaan.

This is the link of the thesis : click here

REFERENCES

https://www.academia.edu/11893502/Collocation_presentation_

https://www.thoughtco.com/collocation-examples-1210325

 http://michaelkavian.blogspot.co.id/2009/07/types-of-collocations-practice-task.html

 http://english.tutorvista.com/vocabulary/english-collocations.html

 http://www.theenglishisland.com/types-of-collocations/

FOUR ARTICLE’S REVIEW OF SEMANTICS (UTS)

FOUR ARTICLE’S REVIEW OF SEMANTICS

In this page, I would like to share you the greatest article about semantics. Actually, It had shared by my friends. But I am so interesting to review again and also develop their article review. All of these review from academia edu. You can check it out for the full article there. 

(1).      DESI NORI SAHPUTRI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations

Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadan

From         : Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Searcher 2: Taleb I. Ababneh

From         : Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.

Pages        : 9

B.      Content

This discussion will cover some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed. Some assumptions, merits and limitations for each theory are also described.

C.      Result/Finding

Meaning as the Relationship between Words and Objects

Greek philosophers say that there is a relationship between words and objects. In other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object represented by that word.

Meaning as a Triangular Relationship

The symbol is the spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.

Bloomfield’s View of Meaning

Bloomfield (1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning. He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.

The Non–Referential Theory of Meaning

The non–referential approach as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the context of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is a relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t exist in vacuum. Therefore, this may indicate a weakness in this theory.

The Generative Grammarian Theory

This approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently of meaning. Chomsky and others believe that changing the active into passive structures does not change the meaning of the sentence.

D.     Strength and Weakness

Strength : the author expose many theory based on many experts . So it make sure as a reader to used this theory to add more knowledge about semantics. Also, it is easy to understand to get point in this article.

Weakness : this article much give theory but a little example about it. So, it make the readers to hard thinking to search what else the example about this theory means.

E.      Conclusion

The researcher has discussed the main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and the generative grammarian theory to meaning.

(2).      NABILA FIRDA ASY’ARI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Semantics and Theories of Semantics

Author      : Abbas Bukhari

Pages        : 15

B.      Content

This article shared the meaning of semantics and make the difficulties in the study of meaning will be clearly. And it discussed the different aspect of meaning and also some term and distinction in semantics.

C.      Result/ Findings

How is language organized in order to be meaningful? This is the question we ask and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analyzed. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and understand, our own ability to create meaning.

Meaning can be any of the following:

1. An intrinsic property of some thing

2. Other words related to that word in a dictionary

3. The connotations of a word

4. The thing to which the speaker of that word refers

5. The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer

6. The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring

7. The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to.

D.     Strength and Weakness

Strength : the explanation and theoris of semantics is very completed. For bigginer its easy to understand with the interesting topic in this article. Many example we can see and you will be more understand and know about what is semantics.

Weakness : so many word in this article but the author not arrange and in the last section I had got confused to see what the author means until he wrote it . I do not know what the topic in the last he wrote.

E.      Conclusion

The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A well-known structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system of a language does not include the semantics. When we talk about meaning, we are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. Also, The sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organization of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax. These are in turn organized in such a way that we can convey meaningful messages or receive and understand messages.

(3).      SUSI LESTARI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Frame semantics a brief introduction

Author      : Diego Gavagna

From         : Aarhus University, 2013

Pages        : 12

B.      Content

It tries to give a comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and associated to words in a semantic structure and how these provide access to our conceptual system, the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to navigate the world.This view gives account for relations between words that cannot just be ascribed to structural semantic relations like hyponymy, synonymy orantonymy. Instead, it describes the interdependencies between words based on background knowledge that humans acquire through experience and store in long-term memory.

C.      Result/Findings

Frame semantics can be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech community might have found for creating the category represented by the word, and to explain the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.

From these word, beside the systemic interrelations between words and between the respective underlying concepts, emerges one further characteristic of frame semantics,namely, that knowledge is grounded in human interaction with others and with the world.Thus, frames are prior expectations and knowledge about the world that is the whole time strengthen, weakened and transformed according to the information our brain receives from the perceptive senses. 

So that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of the definition is strongly undermined. 

D.      Strength and Weakness

Strength :  the author analysis is something new that we found of many article about semantic. I am so interested with the Frame semantics. The example is great. There are some pictures here. The letter that author used is so neat and will be easy to understand.

Weakness: the author said his dissertation is can not be considered exhaustive, but he have tried to give described the main terms of the theory.

E.       Conclusion

Many other authors have developed this framework, including the remarkable attempt by Lakoff & Johnson in describing the concept of reframing in political discourse based on frame semantics’ approach and the role of metaphors and metonymy in natural languages. Lakoff’s approach is particularly interesting because it is not just an analytical framework but very much also a set of practical tools usable in everyday life.Another important contribution is the one proposed by Fauconier and Turner describing the characteristics of mental spaces that pose the ground for blending theory.

This article give an account for frame semantics approach to knowledge representations as described by Fillmore and the researchers that have developed his approach, including Langacker’s domains’ description and Barsalou perceptual symbols.

(4).      ANNISA SEPTIANI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Modern Linguistics Semantics

Author      : Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.

From         : University of Canterbury New Zealand.

Upload      : Pooja Saikia

B.      Content

Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning,or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed. This article will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and it will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the content of words and expressions which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to another. The kind of semantic/pragmatic is discussed.

C.      Result/Findings

This article present the kinds of meaning:

1.      Denotation and sense

The general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression is the part of reality the expression is linked to.

The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is to paraphrase it,

The most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that individual. Titles and proper names are common referring expressions

2.      Lexical and Structural Meaning

lexical meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.

Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are combined.

3.      Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.

D.     Stregth and Weakness

Strength : this article too long and so deeper. You can know more about semantics by read this. And the example is enough to make us understands. And there are some tips that have given by authors. So it make we interest to read because of the interaction between author and readers here.

Weakness : some sub topic in this article is not clearly. Maybe it need some additional explanation to eliminate our misunderstanding.

E.      Conclusion

From this article we know that from the sentence “I forgot the paper” .Semantics provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forget, past tense, the and paper. And many examples we can found there. This journal has been explain about meaning such as semantics,kind, semantics,lexical and structural meaning and etc.