SOCIOLINGUISTICS : Speech Communities

SPEECH COMMUNITIES

The definition of a speech community is a group of people who speak the same language and share the same dialect, words , and grammar rules of a language as a standard. These individuals also share the understanding of at least one language so that they may communicate with each other.

Membership in a speech community includes local knowledge of the way language choice, variation, and discourse represents generation, occupation, politics, social relationships, identity, etc

 Example: in transgender communities, they use particular vocabulary such as “akika” to change the word “aku” and “begindang” to change the word “begitu”. When they making transaction, “berapose” that means “berapa” or to say “benar” by saying “ember”

In Speech communities, there are:

a.       Intersecting communities: language that used from communities such as like we know people is baliness, batakness, sundaness by looking their word, accent, intonation and also dialect.

b.      Network and repertoire:  it is show that a person can be part of various speech communities by an interaction in network and repertoires is various language variotion that have got from network.

Factors of social communities:

People are separ­ated from one another by fine gradations of social class, regional origin, and occupation; by factors such as religion, sex, nationality, and ethnicity; by psy­chological differences such as particular kinds of linguistic skills, e.g., verbality or literacy; and by characteristics of personality.

Questions:

1.      Is slang include of speech communities?

Answer: Yes, it is. Because slang is created from communities and it expand to be an informal language for some country that they often use slang in their communities.

2.      Is it possible one speech communities used by the other communities?

Answer: yes, it is possible. But it can be a good or bad word, if the user use it correctly and know that meaning.

3.      Why speech communities exist?

Answer: to make the people in community are enjoyable to interact each other and to  improve their language abilities that used in social activities.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC : CODE SWITCHING AND MIXING

SOCIOLINGUISTIC : CODE SWITCHING AND MIXING

A.     CODE SWITCHING

Code-switching is changing event from one code to another.  Include the utterence and sentences to change to other language.

For example, at first someone uses Indonesian language, and then he/she switches into Javanese because his friend a javaness. So make each other understand. This event manifests in switch of regional, social, style variantion

B.      CODE MIXING

Code-Mixing: The use of two or more language by putting in/inserting one language into other language consistently.  It just mix word or phrase.

If the speaker mixes his/her code/language, then it must be asked who the speaker is: his/her social background, level of education, religion, etc.

Such as: in english class, a students ask his friends “please accompany me to kamar mandi lah..” from these exemple we know there are two languages that has been used.

Another example indonesia and regional language:

A.       “Mangka seringkali sok ada kata-kata seolah-olah bahasa daerah itu kurang penting”.

B.       “Nah, karena sudah kadhung apik sama dia ya tak teken".

C.       Banyak klap malam harus ditutup, Hendaknya segera diadakan hutanisasi kembali.

D.      Sudah waktunya kita menghindari backing-backingan dan klik-klikan.

Questions:
1.      What is the benefit we learn code switching and code mixing?
Answer: its benefit to make creation of language among people with different style make us to know more about variation language in our life. And with code mixing help us to have ability to use two or more language.

2.      Is this study flexsible to use in all situation?
Answer: yes, it can be. If it makes the interlucator understand what we said.

3.      Differences english and arrabic code mixing?
Answer: english and arabbic have different structure and rule to create code mixing. We have learn each code separately. Maybe in english its enough familliar for used code mixing but in arrabic its cannot flexsible to mixing in english.

RESEARCH REPORT (DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)

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RESEARCH REPORT

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: PIDGINS AND CREOLES

PIDGINS AND CREOLES

Pidgins language is nobody's native language. it may arise when two speakers of different languages with no common language try to hold a conversation. a pidgin is a language developed by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.

Pidgins used in certain situation. Such as trade, colonisiation. Because of the different language they make a new language to understand each others.

Pidgins consist by simple word or language.

Creoles is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, i.e. a community of speakers claims it as their first language.

Questions and answers:

1.      Give more explanation about creoles and example?

Answer: Creoles may not always develop out of pidgins but through the mixing of two or more languages over generations. If there are always native speakers in this situation, then there was never a pidgin. For ex: papua nugini language

2.      What is the benefits we learn pidgins and creoles?

Answer: if we learn it, we know about any varieties in our social. We can exploring our knowledge and get new language and where it comes from.

3.      What is the relationship between pidgins, creoles and sociolinguistics?

Answer: The relation between pidgins, creoles and sociolinguistics can illustrate by these example:

Pidgin that used in certain situation. Such as salesman from indonesia and stranger from england.Each them cannot understand language each other so salesman say the simple word to sales, like:

Peri chip (very cheap)

Pip            (five)

Tosen       (thousand)

Creoles that used as mother tongue.  It formed by pidgins. For example, from the salesman teach that children the new language such as we can see in papua nugini, ambon, or manado that come from pidgins it self. So, from the example above, we can see pidgins and creoles have relation to sociolingusitic because it also the social of language.

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE DIALECT AND VARIETIES

SOCIOLINGUISTICS: LANGUAGE DIALECT AND VARIETIES

The existence of language can’t be separated from human life. It can be seen from the fact that all activities related to interaction among people necessitate a language.

Language is an important means of communication. Language reflects thinking; obviously we can’t say a sentence until we have first thought of it. Often our thinking gets mixed with emotions and our reasons become loaded with desires, wishes, prejudices, and opinions. The kind of thinking we do is our business until we try to persuade someone else to agree to our point of view; then that thinking becomes another’s business (Meade, et.al, 1961: 94).

Language divided into two: dialect and accent.

Edward (2009) define dialect as a variety of a language that differs from others along three dimensions: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation (accent) Because they are forms of the same language.

Accent is a special element of a dialect that include pronounciation. For example, someone from Leeds, in the north of England, would typically pronounce ‘bath’ with the short ‘a’ of ‘cat’, whereas someone from Oxford, in the south of England, would typically pronounce ‘bath’ with the long ‘a’ of ‘father’.

Then, dialect divided into two:

1.    Regional dialect: Certain differences from geographical area one to another in pronunciation, in the selecting and constructing of words, and in syntax of a language such distinctive varieties of local variety are called regional dialects (Wardhough, 2006).

2.    Social dialect: Social dialect is difference speech associate with various social groups. Social dialects create among social groups and are related to a variety of factors such as social class, religion, and ethnicity.

Question:

1.       Why social background and geographical background important in this materi?

Answer: because language that was we thought from baby-  until now its come from geographical. If we are born in west sumatera. Automatically we can speak minangness. and it can be our social background because if we are not minangness but we lived in minangness, so that a person can have two language from social or geographical background.

2.       How can language changes to be different language?

Answer: as we know there is no two speaker of a language can speak in the same way. So, language may change to region to region, social status to social status, individu to individu and from situation to situation. That is the actual result of variation of language.

3.       What example of regional and social dialect?

Answer:  we can see the example around us, especially in indonesia.

In regional dialect. For example: malay language, minang language, batak language, medan language.

In social dialect. For example: teacher-students, parents-children, manager-staff.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC (1)

Introduction Sociolinguistics

SUMMARY

Sociolinguists is the study of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics describes language in society, especially the differences or variations that someone does in using language. There are  two type of  Sociolinguistic:

-     Sociolinguistics: It’s main focus is “Society on Language”.that means formal language that is use depend on place or situation such as when students and the teacher at a class, they know to use polite language.

-     Sociology of Language: It’s main focus is “Languages effects on society”. It is the effect of society language. Time by time language has changes style, accent and etc. Such as  bahasa alay,gaul or slang)

Main Concepts in sociolinguistics

1.   Standard Language

It refers to mode of usage of most educated speakers of a language and established as the prestigious form of that language.

2)      Non Standard Language

It differs from Standard English at the level of grammar ( it does not follow the grammar or pronunciation rules of standard language ).

3)      Accent

It is a pattern or manner of pronunciation. Indonesia have many variation such as minangness, malayness, batakness, javaness. Each of them has different accent to speak. That is importan to us to know about their language. So, there is no compliment if happen miscommunication.

4)      Dialect

Dialect can be defined as standard language in business, education, and media.

5)      Jargon

Jargon is defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. Jargon: the language used by people who work in a particular area .for instance, the language used in a given profession (medical jargon, nautical jargon, etc.)

6)      Slang

It refers to the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. such as "passed away" for "died” .

QUESTION

1.      Why dialect and accent come in sociolinguistics?

Answer: because sociolinguistic is study language in society. For that, we identified language that spoken by someone to analyze. Who is she/he? Javaness or minangness, etc. And also in the other context such as the differences between educate peole or not educate people. So, that way dialect and accent as a main factor to sociolinguistic.

2.      Example of sociolinguistic and sociology of language?

Sociolinguistic:

A: hello mira, how are you? Do you have finished the task from mr. Harry?

B: hello too jeny, i’m fine, and you? yes, i have done .

Sociology of language:

A: Gerald, your shoes is KAM-SE-UPAY

B:  Iyuh, look your hair like a porcupine

From these example we assume that sociolinguistic is a formal between people that has standart norm. And sociology of language that refers to effect of new style in this modern era and usually its not formal.

3.      Perbedaan accent dan dialect?

Answer:

accents associated with sound (pronunciation, 'song', pressure, 'how to take', tempo etc.) and dialects include accents + vocabulary + grammatical patterns.So, if between Indonesian people speak English and English / Americans / Australians speak English 'sounds different', it is a matter of accent (same as when there is a bule ngomong Indonesia that feels different if if people speak Indonesian).

While the following is more a matter of dialect,

Bagaimana ini? (bahasa Indonesia standar)

Macam mana? (dialek Sumatra Utara)

Gimana, sih? (dialek Jakarta)

Gimana, to? (dialek Jawa Tengah)

           

Additional about Collocation and Semantics

What is collocation ?
Collocation is two or more words often go together.

Why learn collocation?
By using collocation will improve your style of written and spoken english by learning correct word combination.

Who the expert of collocation?
- Saifullah Kamalie
- Book/Research : Arabic Collocation and The Problem of their translation into Malay Language

What are the latest paper of collocation?
1.      Paul Baker
From: Lancaster University,UK
Research/Journal: The shapes of Collocation, 2016

2.      Eser Ordem and Erdogan Bada
From: Cukurova University, Turkey
Research/Journal: Lexical Collocation (verb+noun) across written academic genres in English.

Why do we learn semantics?
By learning semantic we can get so many benefits. Because it is one of linguistic study to get meaning from language. For example:
1.      It is made us easy to choose and used words with exactly meaning.
2.      When we talking with common people or someone we know which words that they understood.
3.      In semantics, we know how to acquire the meaning in the social contact with the kind or style of language.
4.      Also, there are some branches in semantics such as euphemism that used to softening our language, collocation that used to combine the correct word and so many branches semantics have different functions. So you have richer ways of expressing yourself.

File Download Journals:

Paul Baker, The shapes of Collocation

Lexical Collocation Journal