FOUR ARTICLE’S REVIEW
OF SEMANTICS
In this page, I would
like to share you the greatest article about semantics. Actually, It had shared
by my friends. But I am so interesting to review again and also develop their
article review. All of these review from academia edu. You can check it out for
the full article there.
(1). DESI
NORI SAHPUTRI
A. Demograph
Title : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations
Searcher 1: Saleh
Mustafa Ramadan
From :
Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Searcher 2: Taleb I.
Ababneh
From :
Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.
Pages :
9
B. Content
This discussion will
cover some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last
century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of
meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning are discussed. Some
assumptions, merits and limitations for each theory are also described.
C. Result/Finding
Meaning as the
Relationship between Words and Objects
Greek philosophers
say that there is a relationship between words and objects. In other words, the
best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object
represented by that word.
Meaning as a
Triangular Relationship
The symbol is the
spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or
written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is
the thing or the object we talk about.
Bloomfield’s View of
Meaning
Bloomfield (1933)
stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning. He
defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker
utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.
The Non–Referential
Theory of Meaning
The non–referential
approach as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the context
of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is a
relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t
exist in vacuum. Therefore, this may indicate a weakness in this theory.
The Generative
Grammarian Theory
This approach was
based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently of meaning.
Chomsky and others believe that changing the active into passive structures
does not change the meaning of the sentence.
D. Strength
and Weakness
Strength
: the author expose many theory based on many experts . So it make sure as a
reader to used this theory to add more knowledge about semantics. Also, it is
easy to understand to get point in this article.
Weakness
: this article much give theory but a little example about it. So, it make the
readers to hard thinking to search what else the example about this theory
means.
E. Conclusion
The researcher has
discussed the main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely
the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and
the generative grammarian theory to meaning.
(2). NABILA
FIRDA ASY’ARI
A. Demograph
Title : Semantics and Theories of Semantics
Author : Abbas
Bukhari
Pages : 15
B. Content
This
article shared the meaning of semantics and make the difficulties in the study
of meaning will be clearly. And it discussed the different aspect of meaning
and also some term and distinction in semantics.
C. Result/
Findings
How
is language organized in order to be meaningful? This is the question we ask
and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of
linguistic analysis where meaning is analyzed. Meaning is related very closely
to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to
analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and
understand, our own ability to create meaning.
Meaning
can be any of the following:
1.
An intrinsic property of some thing
2.
Other words related to that word in a dictionary
3.
The connotations of a word
4.
The thing to which the speaker of that word refers
5.
The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer
6.
The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring
7.
The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to.
D. Strength
and Weakness
Strength
: the explanation and theoris of semantics is very completed. For bigginer its
easy to understand with the interesting topic in this article. Many example we
can see and you will be more understand and know about what is semantics.
Weakness
: so many word in this article but the author not arrange and in the last
section I had got confused to see what the author means until he wrote it . I
do not know what the topic in the last he wrote.
E. Conclusion
The
problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that
some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. A
well-known structuralist made the astonishing statement that ‘linguistic system
of a language does not include the semantics. When we talk about meaning, we
are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when
they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. Also, The
sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organization
of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax. These
are in turn organized in such a way that we can convey meaningful messages or
receive and understand messages.
(3). SUSI
LESTARI
A. Demograph
Title : Frame semantics a brief introduction
Author
: Diego Gavagna
From :
Aarhus University, 2013
Pages :
12
B. Content
It tries to give a
comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and associated to
words in a semantic structure and how these provide access to our conceptual
system, the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to navigate the
world.This view gives account for relations between words that cannot just be
ascribed to structural semantic relations like hyponymy, synonymy orantonymy.
Instead, it describes the interdependencies between words based on background
knowledge that humans acquire through experience and store in long-term memory.
C. Result/Findings
Frame semantics can
be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech community might
have found for creating the category represented by the word, and to explain
the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.
From
these word, beside the systemic interrelations between words and between the
respective underlying concepts, emerges one further characteristic of frame
semantics,namely, that knowledge is grounded in human interaction with others
and with the world.Thus, frames are prior expectations and knowledge about the
world that is the whole time strengthen, weakened and transformed according to
the information our brain receives from the perceptive senses.
So
that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described
as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it
would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition
would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of
the definition is strongly undermined.
D. Strength
and Weakness
Strength
: the author analysis is something new that we found of many article
about semantic. I am so interested with the Frame semantics. The example is
great. There are some pictures here. The letter that author used is so neat and
will be easy to understand.
Weakness:
the author said his dissertation is can not be considered exhaustive, but he
have tried to give described the main terms of the theory.
E. Conclusion
Many
other authors have developed this framework, including the remarkable attempt
by Lakoff & Johnson in describing the concept of reframing in political
discourse based on frame semantics’ approach and the role of metaphors and
metonymy in natural languages. Lakoff’s approach is particularly interesting
because it is not just an analytical framework but very much also a set of
practical tools usable in everyday life.Another important contribution is the
one proposed by Fauconier and Turner describing the characteristics of mental
spaces that pose the ground for blending theory.
This
article give an account for frame semantics approach to knowledge
representations as described by Fillmore and the researchers that have
developed his approach, including Langacker’s domains’ description and Barsalou
perceptual symbols.
(4). ANNISA
SEPTIANI
A. Demograph
Title : Modern
Linguistics Semantics
Author
: Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.
From :
University of Canterbury New Zealand.
Upload
: Pooja Saikia
B. Content
Semantics
deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are
combined, which taken together form the core of meaning,or the starting point
from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is
constructed. This article will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the
content of words and it will mainly concentrate on literal meaning, the content
of words and expressions which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to
another. The kind of semantic/pragmatic is discussed.
C. Result/Findings
This
article present the kinds of meaning:
1. Denotation
and sense
The
general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their
meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of
language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression
is the part of reality the expression is linked to.
The
second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is
to paraphrase it,
The
most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the
blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression
have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression
which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that individual.
Titles and proper names are common referring expressions
2. Lexical
and Structural Meaning
lexical
meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.
Structural
meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an
expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are
combined.
3. Categorematic
expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive
words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.
D. Stregth
and Weakness
Strength
: this article too long and so deeper. You can know more about semantics by
read this. And the example is enough to make us understands. And there are some
tips that have given by authors. So it make we interest to read because of the
interaction between author and readers here.
Weakness
: some sub topic in this article is not clearly. Maybe it need some additional
explanation to eliminate our misunderstanding.
E. Conclusion
From
this article we know that from the sentence “I forgot the paper” .Semantics
provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forget, past tense, the and
paper. And many examples we can found there. This journal has been
explain about meaning such as semantics,kind, semantics,lexical
and structural meaning and etc.
